Toxicological Review of Xylenes

By Environmental Protection Agency

Description
Excerpt: This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Note: This document may undergo revisions in the future. The most up-to-date version will be made available electronically via the IRIS Home Page at http://www.epa.gov/iris.

Table of Contents
CONTENTS — TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEW for XYLENES (CAS No. 1330-20-7) DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION RELEVANT TO ASSESSMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. TOXICOKINETICS RELEVANT TO ASSESSMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. ABSORPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.3. METABOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.4. EXCRETION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.5. PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED TOXICOKINETIC MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1. STUDIES IN HUMANS—EPIDEMIOLOGY, CASE REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.1. Cancer Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.2. Noncancer Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1.2.1. Cohort and Case-Control Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1.2.2. Case Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2. PRECHRONIC AND CHRONIC STUDIES AND CANCER BIOASSAYS IN ANIMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.1. Prechronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.1.1. Prechronic Oral Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.1.2. Prechronic Inhalation Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.2.2. Chronic Studies and Cancer Assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.2.2.1. Oral Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.2.2.2. Inhalation Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.3. REPRODUCTIVE/DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.3.1. Reproductive Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.3.1.1. Oral Reproductive Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.3.1.2. Inhalation Reproductive Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.3.2. Developmental Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3.2.1. Oral Developmental Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3.2.2. Inhalation Developmental Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4. OTHER STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.4.1. Neurotoxicity Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.4.1.1. Prechronic Oral Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.4.1.2. Prechronic Inhalation Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Full Text

Title:

Toxicological Review of Xylenes

Author:

Environmental Protection Agency

Volume:

Language:

English

Subject:

Ecology, Natural resource issues, Environemtal protection

Collection:

Environmental Awareness Library Collection

Subcollection:

Historic
Publication Date:

Publisher:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

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